نشریه کاوش نامه زبان و ادبیات فارسی
پیاپی 53 (تابستان 1401)

one of the most important research works in the history of Persian literature to date is the Dehkhoda Dictionary. Dehkhoda, after reviewing thousands of books and manuscripts, devoted more than forty years of his life to compiling this Persian-to-Persian dictionary.one of the obvious advantages of this work is the quotation of most words (except the words of the entry), along with one or several examples. These examples are often taken from ancient poems and prose texts. Rudaki Samarqandi is one of the poets whose works have been cited by Dehkhoda and his colleagues in compiling this dictionary. In such a way that most verses of Rudaki's divan can be found in the dictionary as a word example. Nevertheless, the authors, by examining each example attributed to Rudaki in this dictionary, noticed the existence of a large number of verses that are not mentioned in Rudaki's Divan collected by Nafisi. Due to the importance of Rudaki's poems, especially the new poems attributed to him, the authors decided to examine the Inaccuracy or Inaccuracy of these attributions by examining these verses. To this end, the authors examined 73 verses that are not in Rudaki's Divan but are recorded in Dehkhoda's dictionary under the name of Rudaki; eventually it became clear that none of these verses belonged to Rudaki. The present article has been done in order to correct the attribution of these verses to Rudaki in the dictionary and to prevent them from entering Rudaki’s name in future researches and printed divans.

Criticizing the Descriptions of Nezami’s Leily and MajnoonAbstractToday, content analysis is a widely used method to study literary works. It is a systematic, objective and quantitative analysis through which the characteristics of the language usage, text words and description of titles are examined through compatibility and correlation of words with each other and its findings cause to analyze the thematic content and to create the central words. Discourse analysis, among the different methods of content analysis, was selected to examine three descriptions of the existing descriptions of the poem "Nezami’s Leily and Majnoon" and critiqued to determine the correct and incorrect linguistic and semantic representations. For this purpose, the controversial verses have been studied in these three descriptions (Hassan Vahid Dastgerdi, Behrouz Thervatian, Barat Zanjani) that have been neglected in terms of correcting the version, prosody, the grammar and the correct meaning and concept, or the general meaning of a verse or a word that has been described in the wrong verse; some examples have been mentioned in this research. Among the other qualitative or interpretive methods, obtaining the criteria of the scientific method is the most distinguished feature of content analysis. In this research, in addition to referring to the practical examples, it has been tried to obtain the criteria of a scientific method in describing texts. 

Fath-Ali Shah Qajar revived the poetry of the court by gathering poets and paying homage to them. This caused important memoirs to be written in his time and the poets' moods and poems to be recorded in these memoirs. One of the important memoirs of this period, which has not been published yet and little research has been done on it, is the memoirs of Madayeh--Hosseinieh written by Abdolbaqi Isfahani ). This book is a centurial, praiseworthy and local memoir and has a special historical value because of the mentioned features. Also, its literary and musical prose needs literary study and analysis. The purpose of this article is to know the historical and content values and literary features of this book. For this purpose, descriptive-analytical method and library tools have been used to identify and introduce the copies of the book and to study its historical value and special intellectual, linguistic, and literary features.According to the reviews of this article, this book is valuable in terms of the history of literature due to its attention to the predominant form of poets' poetry, as well as the expression of the memoirs of anonymous poets and unique information about their lives, as well as its detailed poetic examples; It also has special literary values due to its high frequency of rhyming and verbal symmetry, as well as its extensive use of creative combinations and metaphorical and metaphorical forms. Accordingly, it is necessary to correct and publish this book.

Language as an effective tool in the continuous exchange of thought, emotion and experience is a prominent feature of man. The fundamental importance of language in creating the communication process has caused the components of this systematic body to be researched and studied by experts in the field of linguistics from various angles, and the need for research in the application of pragmatics is an important form of linguistic research. Pragmatics is the study of co- text meaning and the exploration of invisible meanings that the speaker / writer intends to convey. In the meantime, "court letters" stand such an analysis well because they sometimes find special, extraordinary, and sensitive tasks; Letters that, because of their existential characteristics, such as distinct political conditions, power struggles, areas of confrontation between social classes, specific audiences, and the like, are considered outstanding and thought-provoking works. Based on the pragmatic theories of Yule, the present article examines one of the most prominent court letters, "Letter from the nobles of the Ghaznavid state to Massoud " in Tarikh Beyhaqi, and examines the implicative message and speech acts of this letter. Realizing the overt and covert messages of this letter is crucial because this strategy not only reflects the power structure and social and human relations that reflect the hidden efforts of the authors in changing the current political situation. The present study can be used as a window to understand the special treatment of certain types of literary texts, "court letters".

This article studies the transitivity system of Ferdowsi's discourse while Rostam faces the armies of Iran and Turan based on systemic functional grammar of Halliday and Matthiessen (2014) to identify its style. In this regard, the analysis of 195 clauses derived from 155 couplets of Ferdowsi's Shahname revealed that types of processes, participants and circumstances and their frequencies in Ferdowsi,s discourse are different from each other while their type and frequencies in Rostam's speech that addresses Iranian army was not different from Turani's army. The relational process possessed the highest and the behavioral one held the least frequency. The representation of mental and material processes by relational process justifies the higher frequency of relational process compared to the others. Mental clauses showed that the perceptive type had higher frequency compare to cognitive, desiderative and emotive types. The nature similarity of behavior process with mental, material and verbal processes justifies the lower frequency of this process so that it is represented through these processes. Iran's army was addressed by neutral quoting process while the Turan's was addressed through indicating one. In addition, the type and frequency of identified, identifier, carrier, attribute, agent, sensor and sayer participants, as well as the type and frequency of the location and manner circumstantial elements are of other characteristics of this discourse. The concrete evidence of processes, participants, circumstances, using proper nouns and the higher frequency of processes accompanying with past form and the first person confirm the narrative-descriptive style of this discourse.

Understanding the ideologies and the world-views of the author is the goal of the critical analysis of the discourse of texts, which is achieved through the analysis of verbal organizations beyond a sentence. Critical discourse analysis has various approaches, one of the most famous and practical of which is Fairclough's approach. In this research we have examined lullabies based on Fairclough's approach of critical discourse analysis. In the level of lullaby descriptions, discoursive structures and linguistic applications with ideological meanings were studied; in the level of interpretation, we conducted analysis of intertexuality and situational contexts including religious, geohistorical and sociocultural situations and the level of lullaby explanations includes analysis of the relationship of power with the two sexes and its unequal distribution and critically analyzing the effect of ideological hegemony on women's thoughts. The result of the research shows that the dominant thinking in the society is misogynistic. Therefore, women regard the female sex with a masculine manner and do not consider an identity for themselves without the masculine identity. Yet, women's level of awareness and their social activities in the new era have caused us to witness no more of such ideologies in the discourse of the new lullabies from the new mothers. Women are also more aware of their rights, abilities, and social status than before.